The CXCL11 belongs to the CXC chemokine family characterized by the presence of one amino acid in between the two NH2-terminal cysteines. CXCL11 is produced by a variety of cells including leukocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells upon stimulation with interferons (IFNs). Simultaneous stimulation of fibroblasts or endothelial cells with IFN-gamma and Interleukin-1b or the TLR3 ligand double-stranded RNA results in a synergistic increase of CXCL11 production. CXCL11 attracts natural killer cells and activated T-helper 1 cells. Like CXCL9 and CXCL10, CXCL11 signals through CXC chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3).